simple past tense and past participle of strip
"The old man stripped off his wet clothes before stepping into the warm shower."
In plain English: To strip something means to take all of its parts, coverings, or decorations off until only the bare thing remains.
"The thieves stripped the house bare while we were on vacation."
having only essential or minimal features
"a stripped new car"
"a stripped-down budget"
with clothing stripped off
"The boxer was knocked down and left lying on the mat, completely stripped of his shirt and shorts by the referee's frantic attempt to stop the fight."
Made of strips.
"The old wooden floor was stripped and replaced with new planks made of thin wood strips."