Origin: Germanic Old English prefix
Without has 3 different meanings across 2 categories:
Outside, externally. This is still used in the names of some civil parishes in England, e.g. St Cuthbert Without.
"The old church sign indicated that the parish extended without to include all the surrounding fields."
In plain English: Without means doing something without having any help from others.
"You can live without money for a while, but you cannot survive without water."
Outside of, beyond.
"The new highway was built without any regard for the nearby historic district."
Unless, except (introducing a clause).
"You cannot leave without telling me where you are going."
The word "without" comes from Middle English and originally meant "against the outside of." It is related to similar words in Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.